Weekly Reading Reflection 7

In Chapter 20, it mentions the how the wars and depression affect the world move toward. Here I have emphasized talk about the World War I.

In 1878, Serbia had been annexing by Austro-Hungarian Empire. It results in the citizens of Serbia dissatisfied to the empire. In June 28^th of 1914, A student from Serbia used a gun assassinate Franz Ferdinand which the Royal Prince of Austro-Hungarian Empire with a gun in Sarajevo. This event’s objective is made Serbia independent from the Empire. Austro-Hungarian Empire asked Serbia to list the killer as wanted and have punishment on him. When the empire considered that Serbia failed to accomplish its request, it had a war to Serbia.

During the war, lots of males join the war and frontline, its result in labor of many countries have extremely decreased.  The producing line of military supplies, weapons, and logistic support began to employed female. It brought the status of women became more relevant. In 1920 and 1928, American and England Gave the rights of the vote to women shows women as a more essential elements in the society. Feminism began to development in this period.

German and Ottoman Empire joined the side of Austro-Hungarian Empire. British, France, Japan, Russia, Italy, United State and China join the Serbia site. Eventually, after almost 9 millions of humans sacrificed in wars, the side of the Serbia had their victory. Countries of European inflicts heavy losses on this war, especially the Germen requirement to face massive compensation by lost the war. It becomes a foreshadowing to the World War II.

       After the War World I, Even though, China already stopped the war compensation to Germen and Austro-Hungarian Empire, and also present the eliminate the dominated area of foreign force as a victorious nation in Peace Conference, but it refused of European powers. German dominated area in China had under control by Japan. Japan raised sharply after the WWI, and it transforms as a creditor country.

Weekly Reflection 6

       In Chapter 19, it mentions the how the empire end around the world.. Here I have emphasized talk about the Dynasty Qing in China. 

       In late phase of Qing, China faced unprecedented turmoil, the most famous event would be Opium War. In 1839 to 1842, Qing and British had a war because of the merchant sell opium openly on coastal area of Guangdong (a south province of China). The blasting fuse of war is the  destruction of opium at Humen. Emperor Daoguang had order to Lin Zhexu destroy thousand boxes and packages of opium in a mouth. Non-related merchants and foreigners agreed and support this move. But after  destruction of opium at Humen, Emperor Daoguang decided abolish any commerce relationship with British. British had a war to China for totally open the gate of trading of China. Eventually, Qing became the loser and sign the unequal document Treaty of Nanking. Document includes open five wharfs for commerce, ceded the Hong Kong Island and have huge sum of compensation to British. Opium War is the first war of western countries have invasion to China, and it is symbol of beginning of modern history.

After the First Sino-Japanese War, some intellectuals understand that if lead China prosperous again, Qing must use western thought and institution as reference. On one side, intellectuals combine the theories and knowledge of west and China, and they renew the traditional value to expand the modern meaning of it by western value and concept. On the other side, some scholar had critic on the old pedantry concepts or manners. They wished to western advance thoughts could play the role of its original spirit and claimed that minimize the monarchical power. Most of advanced intellectuals advocated relevance of the personal autonomously, freedom and equality.

In 1912,the last emperor of Qing --Xuantong Emperor Puyi formally abdicated. Dynasty ended the over 300 years ruling, and Republic of China built up. 

Reading Reflection 5

       In Chapter 18, it mentions the colonial encounters in Asia and Africa. Here I have emphasized talk about the colonial activity in Asia.
       In 16 century, Portuguese Empire discovers the channel to Asia which passes the Cape of Good Hope, and they break the monopoly trade link of Arabic country to Asia. But United East Indian Company establishment lead Portuguese’s force of influence to get weaker. Netherland had few trade post which built on east Indian, and then build up another post on Malacca and British Ceylon on 16 century. France and British also join in the scramble of Indian. The invasion of this two country  result in a land force of Portuguese were imploded. On 1763, British dislodged France out of Indian and established the British East India Company, and became the most relevant political organization in Indian.

       During the first half of the 19 century, because it was the early phase of the industrial revolution, European powers did not have more attentions on the colonies they got in Asia. But after the industrial revolution, European power had the huge demand for raw material and resource. And because of the economic depression in Europe, so there was a requirement the expand the market. A new wave of immigration result in some of the district had indirect domination or monopoly become colonies and had direct control.

       Since 1840, British, France and Netherland have colonies in the Middle East, Indian and southeast Asia. Some new power such as Japan which became stronger because of the Meiji Restoration, and also German which established after Franco-Prussian war joins the list of colonists.

       In short term, colonist brings the destructive damage to the local labor resource and material resource in colonies. But in long term, outstanding young generations in colonies have the technology and advance ideology, it is any way to boost modernization progressive to colonies and eventually become independent from suzerain.

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